Text

International Economics (Trawas)

Tidak Tersedia Deskripsi

Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

The McGraw-Hill series economics

No. Panggil

330 Pug i

Penerbit

Boston : McGraw-Hill Irwin., 2009

Deskripsi Fisik

xxvi, 757 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

0071280790

Klasifikasi

DDC

Tipe Isi

Reguler Items

Tipe Media

unmediated

Tipe Pembawa

volume

Edisi

-

Subjek

ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL

Info Detail Spesifik

Machine derived contents note: Contents Preface vi About the Author xv Chapter 1 International Economics Is Different 1 Four Controversies 1 Outsourcing 1 Immigration 3 China?s Exchange Rate 5 Sovereign Wealth Funds 7 Economics and the Nation-State 9 Factor Mobility 9 Different Fiscal Policies 10 Different Moneys 10 The Scheme of This Book 11 Part One The Theory Of International Trade 13 Chapter 2 The Basic Theory Using Demand and Supply 15 Four Questions about Trade 16 A Look Ahead 16 Demand and Supply 17 Demand 17 Consumer Surplus 18 Case Study Trade: Increasingly Important 20 Supply 22 Producer Surplus 22 A National Market with No Trade 23 Two National Markets and the Opening of Trade 24 Free-Trade Equilibrium 25 Effects in the Importing Country 27 Effects in the Exporting Country 29 Which Country Gains More? 29 Summary: Early Answers to the Four Trade Questions 30 Key Terms 30 Suggested Reading 31 Questions and Problems 31 Chapter 3 Why Everybody Trades: Comparative Advantage 33 Adam Smith?s Theory of Absolute Advantage 34 Case Study Mercantilism: Older than Smith?and Alive Today 35 Ricardo?s Theory of Comparative Advantage 37 Ricardo?s Constant Costs and the Production-Possibility Curve 40 Focus on Labor Absolute Advantage Does Matter 42 Extension What If Trade Doesn?t Balance? 44 Summary 45 Key Terms 46 Suggested Reading 46 Questions and Problems 46 Chapter 4 Trade: Factor Availability and Factor Proportions Are Key 49 Production with Increasing Marginal Costs 50 What?s Behind the Bowed-Out Production-Possibility Curve? 50 What Production Combination Is Actually Chosen? 52 Community Indifference Curves 53 Production and Consumption Together 55 Without Trade 55 With Trade 56 Focus on China The Opening of Trade and China?s Shift Out of Agriculture 58 Demand and Supply Curves Again 60 The Gains from Trade 60 Trade Affects Production and Consumption 61 What Determines the Trade Pattern? 62 The Heckscher?Ohlin (H?O) Theory 63 Summary 64 Key Terms 65 Suggested Reading 65 Questions and Problems 65 Chapter 5 Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade? 69 Who Gains and Who Loses Within a Country 69 Short-Run Effects of Opening Trade 70 Long-Run Factor-Price Response 70 Three Implications of the H?O Theory 72 The Stolper?Samuelson Theorem 72 Extension A Factor-Ratio Paradox 73 The Specialized-Factor Pattern 75 The Factor-Price Equalization Theorem 75 Does Heckscher?Ohlin Explain Actual Trade Patterns? 76 Factor Endowments 77 Case Study The Leontief Paradox 78 International Trade 79 What Are the Export-Oriented and Import-Competing Factors? 81 The U.S. Pattern 81 The Canadian Pattern 81 Focus on China China?s Exports and Imports 82 Patterns in Other Countries 84 Do Factor Prices Equalize Internationally? 84 Focus on Labor U.S. Jobs and Foreign Trade 86 Summary: Fuller Answers to the Four Trade Questions 87 Key Terms 88 Suggested Reading 88 Questions and Problems 88 Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and Trade 91 Scale Economies 92 Internal Scale Economies 93 External Scale Economies 94 Intra-Industry Trade 95 Monopolistic Competition: The Basics 98 The Monopoly Element: Price Setting 99 The Competitive Element: Entry and Profit Erosion 101 Monopolistic Competition: Opening to Trade 101 Basis for Trade 105 Gains from Trade 106 Oligopoly and International Trade 107 Extension The Gravity Model of Trade 108 Substantial Scale Economies 110 Oligopoly Pricing 110 External Scale Economies and Trade 112 Summary: How Does Trade Really Work? 114 Key Terms 117 Suggested Reading 117 Questions and Problems 117 Chapter 7 Growth and Trade 121 Balanced versus Biased Growth 122 Growth in Only One Factor 123 Changes in the Country?s Willingness to Trade 124 Case Study The Dutch Disease and Deindustrialization 127 Effects on the Country?s Terms of Trade 127 Small Country 128 Large Country 128 Immiserizing Growth 129 Technology and Trade 131 Individual Products and the Product Cycle 133 Openness to Trade Affects Growth 134 Focus on Labor Trade, Technology, and U.S. Wages 134 Summary 137 Key Terms 138 Suggested Reading 138 Questions and Problems 139 Part Two Trade Policy 141 Chapter 8 Analysis of a Tariff 143 Global Governance WTO and GATT: Tariff Success 144 A Preview of Conclusions 146 The Effect of a Tariff on Domestic Producers 147 The Effect of a Tariff on Domestic Consumers 149 The Tariff as Government Revenue 151 The Net National Loss from a Tariff 151 Extension The Effective Rate of Protection 154 The Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal Tariff 156 Summary 160 Key Terms 161 Suggested Reading 162 Questions and Problems 162 Chapter 9 Nontariff Barriers to Imports 165 Types of Nontariff Barriers to Imports 165 The Import Quota 167 Quota versus Tariff for a Small Country 167 Global Governance The WTO: Beyond Tariffs 168 Ways to Allocate Import Licenses 172 Extension A Domestic Monopoly Prefers a Quota 174 Quota versus Tariff for a Large Country 176 Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) 178 Other Nontariff Barriers 179 Case Study VERs on Textiles and Clothing 180 Product Standards 180 Case Study Auto VER: Protection with Integrity? 182 Domestic Content Requirements 183 Case Study Carrots Are Fruit, Snails Are Fish, and X-Men Are Not Humans 184 Government Procurement 185 How Big Are the Costs of Protection? 185 As a Percentage of GDP 185 For Specific Products with High Protection 187 International Trade Disputes 189 Focus on China China?s First Years in the Wto 190 America?s ?Section 301?: Unilateral Pressure 192 Dispute Settlement in the WTO 192 Summary 193 Key Terms 194 Suggested Reading 195 Questions and Problems 195 Chapter 10 Arguments for and against Protection 199 The Ideal World of First Best 200 The Realistic World of Second Best 201 Government Policies toward Externalities 203 The Specificity Rule 203 Promoting Domestic Production or Employment 204 The Infant Industry Argument 208 How It Is Supposed to Work 208 How Valid Is It? 209 Focus on Labor How Much Does It Cost to Protect a Job? 210 The Dying Industry Argument and Adjustment Assistance 213 Should the Government Intervene? 213 Trade Adjustment Assistance 215 The Developing Government (Public Revenue) Argument 216 Other Arguments for Protection: Noneconomic Objectives 217 National Pride 217 National Defense 217 Income Redistribution 218 The Politics of Protection 218 The Basic Elements of the Political-Economic Analysis 219 When Are Tariffs Unlikely? 220 When Are Tariffs Likely? 220 Case Study How Sweet It Is (or Isn?t) 222 Applications to Other Trade-Policy Patterns 223 Summary 224 Key Terms 226 Suggested Reading 227 Questions and Problems 227 Chapter 11 Pushing Exports 229 Dumping 229 Reacting to Dumping: What Should a Dumpee Think? 232 Actual Antidumping Policies: What Is Unfair? 233 Case Study Antidumping in Action 236 Proposals for Reform 239 Export Subsidies 241 Exportable Product, Small Exporting Country 242 Exportable Product, Large Exporting Country 243 Switching an Importable Product into an Exportable Product 244 WTO Rules on Subsidies 246 Should the Importing Country Impose Countervailing Duties? 246 Case Study Agriculture Is Amazing 248 Strategic Export Subsidies Could Be Good 251 Global Governance Dogfight at the WTO 252 Summary 256 Key Terms 256 Suggested Reading 257 Questions and Problems 257 Chapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade Blocks 259 Types of Economic Blocs 259 Is Trade Discrimination Good or Bad? 260 The Basic Theory of Trade Blocs: Trade Creation and Trade Diversion 262 Other Possible Gains from a Trade Bloc 265 Case Study Postwar Trade Integration in Europe 266 The EU Experience 267 North America Becomes a Bloc 269 Trade Blocs among Developing Countries 272 Trade Embargoes 274 Summary 279 Key Terms 280 Suggested Reading 280 Questions and Problems 280 Chapter 13 Trade and the Environment 283 Is Free Trade Anti-Environment? 283 Is the WTO Anti-Environment? 288 Global Governance Dolphins, Turtles, and the WTO 290 The Specificity Rule Again 292 A Preview of Policy Prescriptions 293 Trade and Domestic Pollution 295 Transborder Pollution 298 The Right Solution 299 A Next-Best Solution 301 NAFTA and the Environment 302 Global Environmental Challenges 303 Global Problems Need Global Solutions 303 Extinction of Species 305 Overfishing 306 CFCs and Ozone 307 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming 308 Kyoto Protocal 310 A Global Approach 311 Summary 313 Key Terms 314 Suggested Reading 314 Questions and Problems 315 Chapter 14 Trade Policies for Developing Countries 317 Which Trade Policy for Developing Countrie

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